Advantages of Activity Based Costing free essay sample

In modern business environment, the use of traditional costing system is no longer relevance to the company to achieve competitive advantage. Nowadays, Activity Based Costing is considered as one of the effective tools to enhance the ability of the organisation to meet global competition. This had resulted in the change from traditional costing system to an increasingly popular costing system such Activity-Based Costing (ABC). ABC system has emerged as an alternative to traditional costing system to meet the need for accurate cost information about the products, services, customer and processes. ABC performs the arithmetic to provide accurate cost information while Activity Based Management (ABM) is focused on using this information obtained from ABC to manage activities in order to improving business (Gunasekaran et al. , 2000). Generally ABC systems enable indirect and support expenses onto each activity. Following by identify the cost drivers to measure the activity used by cost objects and allocate them to cost driver. In order word, ABC helps the manager to understand about the cost and expense in each production by giving managers a clearer picture of the economics of their operations to managerial decision making at a strategic level (Kaplan and Copper, 1998). Apart from that, in twenty-first century market which is global consumer markets and rapidly changing product technologies have forced global manufacturers to make dramatic changes in their products, markets as well as production strategies. In order to stay in the global market, organisations are advice to adopt ABC not only produces products at faster rates, but they produce with greater consistency and conformity to quality specifications. Also, ABC system allows the manufacturers to reduce the time between customer order and product delivery which can gives the manufacturer a competitive advantage in improving customer service (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Therefore, it is necessary for organisation to adopt ABC system which can assist managers in identifying the value-added activities which they could further improve to meet customer’s demands and enhancing the product quality and process simplification and efficiency (Marx, 2009). For example, MelCo is the company that implements ABC and gets the benefits from it. MelCo is the only manufacturer of engineering components in Melbourne. Its previous costing system was a conventional costing system where overheads were allocated to products based on labour hour utilised (Sohal and Chung, 1998). However, management found that implement ABC system in the organisation is seem to be useful because it can assist high level of flexibility and responsiveness that demanded by the marketplace. Besides, ABC system can generate true costing and pricing which automatically give performance measures and product profitability as well as provide a variety of information for management in strategic decision making. Even though it incur high cost, MelCo think that it is worthiness because it provides a tool for management for commercial decision making although it just implement for 12 months (Sohal and Chung, 1998). Due to the changes of business environment, the company requires to manufacture very wide product range for a large customer base with high quality and innovative products in order to fulfil the demand of the consumer. By implementing ABC in organisation, ABM guides efforts to adapt business strategies to meet competitive pressures as well as to improve business operations. ABC information enables ABM to yield continuous improvement process. By continuous improvement, organisation can yield the maximum profitability as well as improved the customer’s satisfaction (Gunasekaran et al. 2000). Nowadays, customers want products and services that fit their specific needs; they want quality service at affordable price to be right now. However, since traditional costing system is volume-based, inaccurate information will be generated which lead to company make wrong decision (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Apart from that, stable product and mass production are no longer valid for today manufacturing system. Thus, manufacturing companies have reduced the implication of traditional cost accounting system by implementing ABC systems. In contrast to standard costing, ABC can identify value-added and non-value-added activities. To clarify this, all activities should be compared with similar activities in another company or within the organisation in order to perform the best. Hence, benchmarking should be encourages to be carried out for both value-added and non-value added activities because it is a best practice which is mostly used in real-life situation (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). For example, 100% on time delivery of customer orders is an essential activity. Apart from that, non-value-added activities such as inspection and material handling can be reduced by using different quality assurance methods and techniques such as total quality management and just in time. With ABC, the company has a better access to decision which related to TQM and JIT (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). To achieve cost reduction in a strategic way, activity-based costing presents to be more accurate in determining costly activities in order to help companies to better manage those activities. Unlike the information available under traditional management accounting, ABC systems are capture the significant information among customer orders and provide strategic decision making with the indication of the changes in the customer’s specifications (Lere, 2000). By implementing ABC system, it also can reduce non-value activities as well as cost of their products to compete in today competitive market. Non-value added activities can be eliminated with the implementation of strategies such as total quality management, just in time and business process re-engineering. Managers should pay more attention to those activities which will incur high cost but does not add any value to the product. Besides, managers prepared with the ABC systems were able to reduce overall costs, identify the opportunities for continuous improvement of the products. Nowadays, technology plays a dominant role of integrating various functional areas. Although the automation in advanced manufacturing environment has reduced the labour component, at the same time overheads have increased (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Therefore, in manufacturing environment, it is necessary for organisation to minimize non-value adding activities to reduce the cost of their products to compete in the market. By implementing ABC system in organisation, it will help to reduce direct labour component, increase in overheads as well as productivity of knowledge workers. Apart from that, ABC also helps organisation in better communications and team working environment as well as reduce time required to perform an activities due to knowledge workers and re-engineering the suggestions by employees to reduce the non-value activities (Gunasekaran et al. 1999). In contrast, the traditional costing systems do not provide non-financial information such as defect rates, level of quality about the organisation. However, implementation of activity based costing is not an easy task as there are several difficulties in implementing ABC system. One of the first fundamentals for the success of an ABC implementation is top management support for the project (Zhang and Che, 2010). The failure of ABC projects can generally be attributed to lack of visible and active management. If the organisation’s senior managers do not show the commitment and act passive in the program, it will negatively reduce the motivation of the employees. Apart from that, the productivity of the employees will also affect as well. Therefore, top management should be give full support with clear understanding of goals and objectives of the whole organisation to the employees. Besides, they should meet regularly in order to advise the management on the strategic and technology business problems (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Commitment of employees is one of the important factors in implementing ABC system. For the successful implementation in ABC, the employees must have a clear understanding of its capabilities, goals and objectives (Zhang and Che, 2010). As a result, education and training are necessary for the employees to make sure that they understand the objective of ABC system. When the employees are well trained and educated, they can easily reduce the time and effort required to perform an activity, on-time delivery as well as reduce the cycle time of the product. Also, employees should be provide with internal and external company training facilities to ensure them gain latest knowledge and trend in order to maintain company’s standard in today global market (Zhang and Che, 2010). For example, MelCo is a company that implementing ABC system and it found that the problems during implementation was lack of available skills in-house which means that they do not have considerable amount of education and training. Therefore, MelCo are recommended that training of employees should be taking into consideration (Sohal and Chung, 1998). As a conclusion, the changes of global business environment had changes the way of the company doing the business and shift traditional management accounting to strategic management accounting for cost management in organisations. However, it does not means that traditional management accounting is usefulness and not applicable in today business environment. Relevance of traditional cost accounting is very subjective in each view of the organisation. It may be suitable for some companies treated standard costing and variance analysis as a tool that enhances planning and control and improves performance evaluation rather than abolished it. To compete in today business environment, strategic management accounting is the most suitable accounting system for the organisation as ABC method can provides more accurate and better cost information which can helps manager to understand and make strategic decision making. Furthermore, ABC system can eliminate the non-value added activities which added value to the product cost, by doing so, organisation can reduce those unnecessary costs. Thus, ABC system is most appropriate management accounting costing in today business environment. However, there are several problems and difficulties in implementing ABC system, company should take into consideration when implementing ABC in order to maximize the fully benefits for ABC systems.

Detecting Diabetes Complications in Children

Question: Identify a research or evidence-based article that focuses comprehensively on a specific intervention or new diagnostic tool for the treatment of diabetes in adults or children? Answer: Introduction: Diabetes can be defined as metabolic disorder that increases the blood glucose or blood sugar level of a person either by decreasing the production of insulin or by making the cells less responsive to the hormone (Bertalan Gregory, 2011). With the advancement of time more and more adolescent and children are diagnosed with the metabolic disorder. Most of the children and adolescents who are detected having diabetes have the type-1 diabetes. In the United State, every year around 13,000 children are known to be diagnosed with type 1-diabetes (Kidshealth.org, 2015). But now, children and younger people are also diagnosed with type-2 diabetes. The risk of being detected with type-2 diabetes increases in children with obesity. Haemoglobin A1c (A1C) has been recommended by the American Diabetes Association to be used as a tool for diagnosing diabetes and to detect the subjects who are at risk of getting the disease in future. The recommendation was granted on the basis of studies carried out on adults. However its application to the children and adolescent are lacking. So, in this article, the authors have studied the implication of A1C diagnostic tool on the obese paediatric population. Research design and methodology: The samples for the study was chosen based on the following inclusion criteria- The subjects must be obese. The subjects were not under medications that alter the blood glucose level. They are not known to have type-1 or type-2 diabetes. Around 1156 children and adolescents with obesity were chosen following the inclusion criteria. Among them 40% were male and 60% were female. At first, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to detect the status of glucose tolerance of the population, which would be the indication of the pre-diabetic condition. In order to determine the plasma glucose level YSI 2700 Stat Analyser was used. Radioimmunoassay was performed to detect the fasting plasma insulin and an Auto-Analyser was used to measure the lipid level. On the same day of performing OGTT, A1C levels were also measured using an assay which was based on the latex immune-agglutination inhibition methodology. In order to establish a relationship between A1C and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis the cell function and insulin sensitivity was checked based on the following index- The Insulinogenic Index The whole body insulin sensitivity index The disposition index. Repetition of the tests was performed after a period of 2 years with 218 samples. Results: Depending on the observations, the samples were classified based on the A1C category- Samples with normal glucose tolerance- 77% (A1C 5.7%) At risk of diabetes- 21% (A1C: 5.7- 6.4%) Sample with diabetes- 1% (A1C 6.5%) In case of diabetes category- Pre-diabetes- 47% Type 2 diabetes- 62% The threshold that was selected in order to identify type 2 diabetes was A1C 5.8% with a sensitivity of 67.7% and specificity of 87.64%. Discussion: From the results, the authors have found that A1C of 6.5% use would not clearly detect the presence of type-2 diabetes or pre diabetes. According to the authors, the A1C could be applied in order to detect type-2 diabetes along with 2-h glucose and fasting as a clinical tool but it cannot be recommended to detect pre-diabetes in case of children and adolescents. Other studies carried out in adults had shown that A1C could be used in making predictions regarding type-2 diabetes even in persons without the disease (Kleber, 2010). But concerns have been raised regarding the applicability of A1C for detecting type-2 diabetes in pregnant women and aged persons (Tuomilehto, 2011). Again the use of A1C is associated with the risk of over diagnosis in patients with anaemia and with rapid glycosylation (Yang, 2010). Overall, the authors have concluded that an A1C of 6.5% as suggested by the American Diabetes Association underestimates the issue in case of the diabetes and pre-diabetes children and adolescents with obesity. However the low specificity and sensitivity indicate that A1C is a poor diagnostic tool regarding the diagnosis of pre- diabetes and diabetes in adolescents and children with obesity. Conclusion: With the increasing rate of diabetes in children and adolescents proper diagnostics tools are needed in order to detect the disorder in the children as well as to detect the children who are at risk of developing the metabolic disorder. Again proper evaluation of the tools regarding their applicability is also very important. So, in this context, the study carried out by the authors is very relevant. References: Bertalan, R., Gregory, J. (2011). Detecting diabetes complications in children.Practical Diabetes,28(8), 352-357a. doi:10.1002/pdi.1634 Kidshealth.org,. (2015).Type 1 Diabetes: What Is It?. Retrieved 21 May 2015, from https://kidshealth.org/parent/diabetes_center/diabetes_basics/type1.html Kleber, M. (2010). Risk factors for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents.WJD,1(4), 129. doi:10.4239/wjd.v1.i4.129 Nowicka, P., Santoro, N., Liu, H., Lartaud, D., Shaw, M., Goldberg, R. et al. (2011). Utility of Hemoglobin A1c for Diagnosing Prediabetes and Diabetes in Obese Children and Adolescents.Diabetes Care,34(6), 1306-1311. doi:10.2337/dc10-1984 Tuomilehto, J. (2011). A1C as the method for diagnosing diabetes how wise is the choice?.Primary Care Diabetes,5(3), 149-150. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2011.07.005 Yang, W. (2010). Diagnosing diabetes using glycated haemoglobin A1c.BMJ,340(may17 2), c2262-c2262. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2262

What You Can Learn From Using A Sample Compare And Contrast Essay Movie

What You Can Learn From Using A Sample Compare And Contrast Essay MovieIf you are looking for a way to really know the most popular methods of writing a sample compare and contrast essay movie, then here is something you may not have considered. There are a variety of sites on the Internet that offer free help in order to help you learn how to write a comparison essay. These samples will also help you learn how to put these essays together.When writing, it is a good idea to be aware of several different levels of communication. You can understand how important it is to be able to properly present your ideas in order to properly convey your message to your reader. The sample compare and contrast essay movie is one of the best ways to communicate to your readers, what you believe to be the correct ideas that are unique to your position.When you read through the simple words you just typed in, you may find yourself unable to get it all. The writer may also find the essay confusing. In s ome cases, you will find yourself frustrated with the lack of clarity the writers found in the samples.In order to avoid this confusion, a sample compare and contrast essay movie can help you avoid any problems with not getting the essay you had intended. In addition, the ability to use the Internet in order to better learn from the most widely used tools, while teaching you the principles of effective writing. You will be able to do so while helping yourself in the process.Use the software that can offer you the option to start and create your own samples. It will take time to get to this point, but will save you the time it would take to search for answers on how to better communicate with your readers in writing. This should save you the frustration of learning what not to do while searching for help, instead of getting the answers you need.Find the best method that suits you. Use some other method to find out how to properly format your essay. While you may find you need to work a little harder, a software program designed to help you learn how to better format your essay, will really help you if you learn how to better format the essay you already have.When using an essay movie, a way you will be able to learn to better organize your thoughts in order to present your ideas clearly. Using the techniques that help you make sure that you have all of the information you need, while leaving out unnecessary information that is not needed, should make your writing process a lot easier to handle. It will take some time to get this up and running but will help you not only write better, but to be better at the whole process of communication with the people who read your work.Taking the time to get the results you want is the right choice. By finding a way to make sure that you always use the best approach to teach yourself how to better communicate with the people who read your work, you will be sure to get the results you want. In addition, you will be much more likely to write better and to be better at the whole process of communication.

What we can do to protect Ozone layer

Ozone layer is found on earth’s upper atmosphere. It is made of ozone (O3) which protects living things on earth from damaging effect of sun’s UV light. It is crucial to protect Ozone layer for living things to survive on earth’s surface. The various ways to protect Ozone layer include;Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What we can do to protect Ozone layer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Preventing human activities which destroy Ozone layer; this entails regulating manufacturing companies which emit chlorofluorocarbon to the atmosphere. Chlorofluorocarbon is a leading cause of ozone layer depletion. It is important to conserve the environment through restricting deforestation and encouraging people to plant trees in order to increase plants growth and oxygen concentration in the atmosphere. Introducing policies geared to protect ozone layer depletion; governments should adopt rules a nd regulations to prohibit activities which emit Ozone layer depleting substances. These policies should block manufacturers from producing products which contain substances which deplete Ozone layer like chlorofluorocarbon and methyl bromide. Development of alternative technologies to supplement those ones contributing to Ozone layer depletion; this includes finding alternative commodity to supplement use timber which lead deforestation, fire extinguisher which contain halogenated carbon, and assembling machines which do not emit chlorofluorocarbon. Carrying out research to find out and recover any Ozone depleting substances in our houses and equipments. These substances exist in our homes without our knowledge. It is important to invent a new technology of detecting these substances in order to fully eliminate them earlier before they cause more damage to Ozone layer. Everybody should take initiative to protect the Ozone layer. This includes people avoiding use of items which cont ain substances which deplete Ozone layer. For instance buying and use aerosols and sprays made of chlorofluorocarbon, fire extinguishers with halogenated carbon, insulating material made of chlorofluorocarbon, and maintaining and regularly servicing air conditioners, freezer coils and car air conditioners to prevent them from emitting chlorofluorocarbon. Individuals should report incidences posing threat to ozone layer like use of bromethane in fields and on crops. It is vital for people to reduce activities leading to air pollution like servicing their cars and others machines regularly and use alternative means for transport like use of common buses, bicycles and walking.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it is important to minimize high altitude aircrafts rockets and air crafts because they contribute to Ozone layer depletion. Also, companies should decrease or c ontrol realizing of high temperature steam to atmosphere since it is one of the contributing factors to ozone layer depletion. Strict implementation of existing policies Ozone layer protection is necessary. Governments and everyone should have responsibility of ensuring that all local and international policies regarding Ozone layer protection are adhered to. High fines should be imposed on those found breaking these policies. Public education on importance of Ozone layer and how to protect it are required in order to create conscious and make people understand the dangers of Ozone layer depletion. Financial support from the government and well wishers to promote and facilitate activities promoting Ozone layer protection is required. This includes funding of programs like tree planting, sanitation program and public education program geared to protect ozone layer. People should advocate for improved regulations and control policies from the government and other concerned authorities to protect of Ozone layer. This is to emphasize on its importance and push for better reforms on Ozone layer protection. Bureau of standards should scrutinize all new products to confirm if they contain Ozone layer depleting substances before they are approved to circulate in the market. This research paper on What we can do to protect Ozone layer was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An In-Depth Look at the Lightning Thief

An In-Depth Look at 'the Lightning Thief' The first book in Rick Riordan’s Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, The Lightning Thief, was published in 2005. This book is an entertaining introduction to a world of half-bloods, heroes, and Greek mythology. From the hilarious chapter titles (â€Å"We Take a Zebra to Vegas†) to the action-packed and thrilling text, to the strong narrative voice and compelling characters, readers of all ages (especially those ages 10 to 13) will find themselves immersed in Percy’s world. Many readers are unable to put the book down. Story Synopsis The books protagonist is 12-year-old Percy Jackson, who has dyslexia. He cant seem to keep himself out of trouble. He has been kicked out of a lot of boarding schools, but the last thing he wants to do is get kicked out of Yancy Academy. Things go horribly wrong on a field trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art when he and his best friend Grover are attacked by their math teacher, who has turned into a monster. Percy narrowly escapes this monster, then learns the truth about why his teacher attacked him. It turns out that Percy is a half-blood, the son of a Greek god, and there are monsters trying to kill him. The safest place is at Camp Half-Blood, a summer camp on Long Island for the children of the gods. Here, Percy is introduced to a new world of gods, magic, quests, and heroes. After a series of page-turning events where Percys mother is kidnapped and Zeuss master lightning bolt is stolen, a crime for which Percy is being blamed,  he sets out on a quest with his friends Grover and Annabeth. They want to find the lightning bolt and return it to Mount Olympus on the 600th floor of the Empire State building. Percy and his friends mission takes them in all sorts of odd directions and on adventures around the country. By the end of the book, Percy and his pals have helped restore order among the gods, and his mom is set free. Why Its Worth Reading While the plot sounds needlessly complicated, it works as a whole to keep the reader engaged. There’s an overarching story that holds all the smaller pieces together. The smaller side plots introduce various Greek gods and myths that make the story so much fun to read. Riordan knows his Greek mythology and understands how to make these stories interesting for kids. The Lightning Thief is appealing to both boys and girls, as the book is peppered with strong male and female heroes and heroines. The Lightning Thief provides a fantastic start to a fun series. Its highly recommended reading for children aged 10 to 13. About Author Rick Riordan A former sixth grade English and social studies teacher, Rick Riordan is the author of the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series, the  Heroes of Olympus  series, and The Kane Chronicles  series. He has also been a part of The 39 Clues series. Riordan is an outspoken advocate of books that are accessible and interesting to read for kids with dyslexia and other learning disabilities. He is also the author of an award-winning mystery series for adults. Sources: Riordan, R. (2005).  The . New York: Hyperian Books.Lightening Thief Rick Riordan. (2005). Retrieved from http://rickriordan.com/

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Essay

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Case Study 3,4, & 5 - Essay Example Although, they both give individual feelings and perceptions, the first data will take a lot of time because the ideas are not organized in a simpler manner. Not much difference can be noticed from the two data. While meeting Nancy we will majorly focus on the demand that are not being attended to and that need adjustment. The purpose of individual assessment of the team was to mix each other a bit so as to enhance a good understanding of one another. During this assessment it would be possible to realize areas that should be improved and what deficiency is at the working place. In addition to this, it will also ensure that the workers are able to open up to each other. The interrelation will ease the team’s interaction which will enhance maximization of an individual’s output. The instrument that is used was purposely to ensure that the workers are aware of one another discrete working style. It is good to have knowledge of your working partners’ style so as to enhance a good working environment. The instrument was introduced as a way of analyzing individual style of work. Lori describes it as way of letting the workers have a good understanding amongst them, and not to mean that was what they really are. Every member of the team needs to know what style he/she prefers when part of the team. The explanation was done well, although, an improvement on the description should have been enhanced. This is because some employees would make decision without clear understanding of what really describes them. An example is when Cindy objects the word controlling as it has been used to describe someone who seeks attention and lead the rest. She finds the term so negative. Actually controlling does not fully describe someone who follows teams’ decisions. The idea of separating the workers according to the style that they think of themselves was a good idea. They are divided to help us identify what one thinks is the best style to

Trust Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Trust Law - Essay Example The facts of the case reveal that there was no such agreement put into writing respecting the purchase of Camelot. In its absence, the relationship of trust, if any, can only be Implied. And according to the book Introduction to Property Law by Dr. Mica Oldham, there are two kinds of Implied Trusts: Resulting Trust and Constructive Trust. Resulting Trusts arise when the parties who purchase a property are: business partners or the money used for the purchase was or was part of the business asset; or mortgagees and the mortgaged amount was used as the purchase money, or; contributors of unequal amount of money to the purchase price. The personalities involved i.e., Arthur, Merlin, Morgana, Lancelot and Guinevere, are not business partners nor was the money used a business asset. Neither are the parties mortgagees. On the other hand, the parties contributed monies for the purchase price: Merlin,  £400,000; Arthur,  £200,000; Lancelot,  £200,000, and; Morgana,  £200,000. Since Arthur had no extra cash to pay for attorney’s fees and registration fees, Guinevere, an old acquaintance, magnanimously loaned him  £5,000. With respect to Merlin and the rest, viz., Arthur, Lancelot and Morgana, a Resulting Trust was created, applying the doctrine of law laid down in the case of Dyer v. Dyer, [1788] 2 Cox Eq Cas 92 at 93 which stated that: However with respect to Arthur, Lancelot and Morgana who gave the equal amount of  £200,000 each, the doctrine laid down in Wilson v Wilson [1969] 3 All ER 945 at 949 which states to the effect that persons whose contributions to the purchase price are in equal amounts are presumed to have created a Joint Tenancy in equity. The Wilson case therefore, provides an exception to the general doctrine held in the Dyer case. To restate: Merlin and Arthur’s group (composing of Arthur, Lancelot and Morgana) created, by implication, a Resulting